Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: CD89 Is a Potent Innate Receptor for Bacteria and Mediates Host Protection from Sepsis.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. The Recombinant Soluble CD89 Receptor Interacts Directly with Bacteria (A and B) Dose-dependent binding of soluble recombinant CD89 (sCD89) to fixed S.p (A) and E. coli (B). Binding to albumin (Alb) was used as a control. (C) Comparison of sCD89 binding to various types of fixed bacteria. (D) Interaction of sCD89 with live (green bar) versus fixed (black bars) 106 E. coli or 106 S. p. (E and F) S.p (E) and E. coli (F) binding to BMMs grown from CD89 transgenic mice (CD89Tg) or from littermates, visualized by confocal laser-scanning mi- croscopy. Right: quantification of binding (n = 4). All data are presented as mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, t test. (G and H) S.p (G) and E. coli (H) binding to BMMs isolated from CD89Tg mice or from littermates in the presence or absence of the anti-CD89 blocking antibody MIP8a F(ab’)2 (10 mg/mL) or of sCD89 (500 mg/mL), analyzed by flow cytometry. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; t test. See also Figure S1.

Article Snippet: The Escherichia coli (E. coli-K12, Strain SMG 123 (PTA-7555)), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (S. aureus, ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach (S. pyogenes, ATCC 19615) and Escherichia coli-K12 WzxE (Coli genetic stock center, Yale university) were used for sCD89-bacteria interaction assays shown in Figure 1C.

Techniques: Recombinant, Bacteria, Binding Assay, Control, Comparison, Transgenic Assay, Isolation, Blocking Assay, Cytometry

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: CD89 Is a Potent Innate Receptor for Bacteria and Mediates Host Protection from Sepsis.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. Bacterium-CD89 Interaction on Mouse Cells Induces Activating ITAM Signaling, Leading to Inflammatory Cytokine Production, Bacterial Phagocytosis, and Killing (A and B) IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-1 production in the supernatant of BMMs obtained from CD89Tg and CD89R209L transgenic mice and littermate controls. Cells were incubated for 16 h in the presence of S.p (A) and E. coli (B) and cytokines in the supernatants were measured by ELISA. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; t test. (C) Confocal analysis of E. coli-pHrodo phagocytosis by BMMs obtained from CD89Tg mice compared with littermates in the presence or absence of MIP8a F(ab)’2 or sCD89 in a dose-dependent manner (100–800 mg/mL). Left: representative images. Right: quantification. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3. ***p < 0.001, t test. (D) ROS production over 30 min by littermate, CD89Tg, and CD89R209L transgenic BMMs stimulated by live S.p (left) or E. coli (right), measured by confocal microscopy. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 15. **p < 0.01, t test. (E) Quantification of bacterial survival after 2 h of incubation with BMMs from CD89Tg, CD89R209L Tg, and littermate mice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3. ***p < 0.001, t test.

Article Snippet: The Escherichia coli (E. coli-K12, Strain SMG 123 (PTA-7555)), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (S. aureus, ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach (S. pyogenes, ATCC 19615) and Escherichia coli-K12 WzxE (Coli genetic stock center, Yale university) were used for sCD89-bacteria interaction assays shown in Figure 1C.

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: CD89 Is a Potent Innate Receptor for Bacteria and Mediates Host Protection from Sepsis.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. IgA-Deficient CVID Phagocytes Mediate Phagocytosis, ROS Production, and Bacterial Killing through CD89 Interaction (A) Representative plots of CD89 expression on blood monocytes isolated from healthy donors (HDs) (left) and CVID patients (right) using a phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-CD89 antibody and its isotype control. (B) Binding of S.p or E. coli to blood monocytes from HDs (purple symbols) or from CVID patients (red symbols) in the presence of monomeric IgA (500 mg/mL) or of MIP8a F(ab’)2 (10 mg/mL). All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 4. ***p < 0.001, t test. (C) Phagocytosis of E. coli-pHrodo by human blood monocytes and/or macrophages isolated from HDs or from CVID patients. Left: representative images. Scale bars, 200 mm. Right: quantification (n = 3). All data are presented as mean ± SEM. ns, not significant. (D) IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-1 production in the supernatant of monocytes obtained from CVID patients. Cells were incubated for 16 h in the presence of E. coli or S.p and in the presence or absence of MIP8a F(ab)’2 (500 mg/mL), and cytokines in the supernatants were measured by ELISA. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; t test.

Article Snippet: The Escherichia coli (E. coli-K12, Strain SMG 123 (PTA-7555)), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (S. aureus, ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach (S. pyogenes, ATCC 19615) and Escherichia coli-K12 WzxE (Coli genetic stock center, Yale university) were used for sCD89-bacteria interaction assays shown in Figure 1C.

Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Control, Binding Assay, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: CD89 Is a Potent Innate Receptor for Bacteria and Mediates Host Protection from Sepsis.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Role of CD89-Bacterium Interaction under Physiological Conditions (A) Competitive ELISA assays between sCD89 and S.p (blue line) or E. coli (red line) and ns-IgA. (B) Competitive ELISA assays between sCD89 and S.p (blue line) or E. coli (red line) and pd-IgA. (C) Bacterial phagocytosis by BMMs obtained from CD89Tg mice (left) compared with littermates (right). Bacteria were allowed to be phagocytosed by BMMs from the indicated mice in the presence or absence of ns-IgA at physiological concentration (2 mg/mL) or MIP8a F(ab)’2 (500 mg/mL). Cells were washed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001; t test. (D) S.p (left) or E. coli (right) phagocytosis by BMDCs obtained from CD89Tg mice compared with littermates. Bacteria were allowed to be phagocytosed by BMDCs from the indicated mice in the presence or absence of ns-IgA at physiological concentration (2 mg/mL). Cells were washed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.0001; t test. (E) Representative images of E. coli (blue) and CD11c (red) staining by BMDCs derived from CD89Tg or wild-type (WT) mice captured by imaging flow cytometry (scale bars, 5 mm) and the percentages of the bacterial phagocytosis score. See also Figures S1C and S5C.

Article Snippet: The Escherichia coli (E. coli-K12, Strain SMG 123 (PTA-7555)), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (S. aureus, ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach (S. pyogenes, ATCC 19615) and Escherichia coli-K12 WzxE (Coli genetic stock center, Yale university) were used for sCD89-bacteria interaction assays shown in Figure 1C.

Techniques: Competitive ELISA, Bacteria, Concentration Assay, Cytometry, Staining, Derivative Assay, Imaging

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: CD89 Is a Potent Innate Receptor for Bacteria and Mediates Host Protection from Sepsis.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. CD89-Bacterium Interaction Protects against Infection-Related Mortality in Mice (A) Survival of CD89Tg mice (red line) and littermates (black line) after intranasal inoculation (at time 0) with S. pneumonia (n = 25). Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test were used to compare mortality rates. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. (B) Decreased lung contents of S.p in CD89 transgenic compared with littermate mice. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 8. ***p < 0.001, t test. (C) H&E staining of lung sections from representative CD89Tg and littermate animals after intranasal infection. Scale bars, 200 mm. (D) Alveolitis invasion score of monomorphic inflammatory cells. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 6. ***p < 0.001, t test. (E) mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-6) was assessed by qRT-PCR of 5 independent lung tissue RNA samples collected 6 and 48 h after intranasal infection. mRNA levels were normalized to b-actin mRNA levels. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 6. *p < 0.05, t test. (F) Increased survival of CD89Tg mice (red line, n = 26) compared with littermates (black line, n = 22) after CLP. Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test were used to compare mortality rates. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01. (G–I) 48 h after CLP, peritoneal fluid was evaluated for total bacteria (G), E. coli (H), and Enterococcus (I) in CD89Tg mice and littermates. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; t test. (J) IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-6 levels in peritoneal lavage, assessed by ELISA 6 and 48 h after CLP. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 3. *p < 0.05, t test. See also Figures S6A–S6C.

Article Snippet: The Escherichia coli (E. coli-K12, Strain SMG 123 (PTA-7555)), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (S. aureus, ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach (S. pyogenes, ATCC 19615) and Escherichia coli-K12 WzxE (Coli genetic stock center, Yale university) were used for sCD89-bacteria interaction assays shown in Figure 1C.

Techniques: Infection, Transgenic Assay, Staining, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Bacteria, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: CD89 Is a Potent Innate Receptor for Bacteria and Mediates Host Protection from Sepsis.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.062

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. CD89 Protection against Sepsis Is Independent of CRP and IgA Antibodies during the Early Phase of Infection (A) Increased survival of CD89TgCRP-KO animals after intranasal infection with S.p compared with CRP-KO mice (n = 12 per group). CD89Tg mice and their littermates were used as controls. Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test were used to compare mortality rates. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. (B) Decreased lung counts of S.p in CD89TgCRP-KO mice at 48 h compared with CRP-KO mice (n = 4). All data are presented as mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, t test. (C) Expression of cytokine mRNA (IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-6) was assessed by qPCR of independent lung tissue RNA samples collected 6 and 24 h after intranasal infection. Cytokine mRNA levels were normalized to b-actin mRNA levels, as indicated in Figure 5E (n = 4). All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; t test. (D) Increased survival of CD89TgCRP-KO (n = 10) compared with CRP-KO mice (n = 10) after CLP. Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test were used to compare mortality rates. CD89Tg mice and their littermates were used as controls. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. (E) Peritoneal fluid counts of bacteria 48 h after CLP (n = 4). All data are presented as mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, t test. (F) IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-6 levels in peritoneal lavage, assessed by ELISA 6 and 48 h after CLP (n = 4). All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; t test. (G) Phagocytosis of S.p (left) and E. coli (right) after incubation with BMMs isolated from CD89TgCRP-KO or CRP-KO mice. (H) Phagocytosis of S.p (left) and E. coli (right) after incubation with BMMs isolated from CD89TgCRP-KO or CRP-KO mice in the presence of MIP8a anti-CD89 F(ab’)2. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; t test. (I) Measurement of mouse IgA antibodies against the indicated bacteria 48 or 168 h after S.p infection (left) or CLP (right) in CD89Tg or CD89TgCRP-KO mice. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. See also Figure S7.

Article Snippet: The Escherichia coli (E. coli-K12, Strain SMG 123 (PTA-7555)), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (S. aureus, ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach (S. pyogenes, ATCC 19615) and Escherichia coli-K12 WzxE (Coli genetic stock center, Yale university) were used for sCD89-bacteria interaction assays shown in Figure 1C.

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Bacteria, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Incubation, Isolation

Journal: MicrobiologyOpen

Article Title: Phagocytosis by macrophages depends on histamine H2 receptor signaling and scavenger receptor 1

doi: 10.1002/mbo3.908

Figure Lengend Snippet: Phagocytosis is reduced in Hrh2 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled bacteria and microspheres was observed in WT, Hrh1 −/− , and Hrh2 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages. (a) Fluorescence microscopy showed reduced phagocytosis of Fluoresbrite YG microspheres (2 µm) and CFDA‐SE‐labeled Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus reuteri (green) by Hrh2 −/− macrophages compared to WT or Hrh1 −/− controls. Cells were counterstained with Phalloidin (red), and nuclei were dyed with Hoechst (blue). Bars represent 50 µm, and inset boxes are expanded views of fields of interest. (b and c) Flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow‐derived macrophages exposed to fluorescent microspheres or CFDA‐SE‐labeled bacteria confirmed reduced phagocytosis of fluorescent microparticles by Hrh2 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Cells were stained with viability stain, and upon analysis, fluorescence intensity in the FITC channel was measured and compared among populations. Statistical analysis was performed by two‐way ANOVA of mean with Bonferroni multiple comparisons. ** p < .01, **** p < .0001; n = 3

Article Snippet: Escherichia coli K‐12 (Carolina Biologicals) was cultured in Luria–Bertani (LB) bacteriological media (Invitrogen), and C. freundii and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) bacteriological media (Becton Dickinson) for 24 hr, aerobically at 37°C while shaking.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Labeling, Bacteria, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Flow Cytometry, Staining

Journal: MicrobiologyOpen

Article Title: Phagocytosis by macrophages depends on histamine H2 receptor signaling and scavenger receptor 1

doi: 10.1002/mbo3.908

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hrh2 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages are deficient in phagocytosis of phylogenetically diverse bacteria. To determine whether the lack of bacterial phagocytosis by Hrh2 −/− macrophages is specific to a certain group of bacteria, WT, Hrh1 −/− , and Hrh2 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages were exposed to CFDA‐SE‐labeled Citrobacter freundii , Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, and Bifidobacterium dentium , along with Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus reuteri , all at a MOI of 10. Hrh2 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages exhibited a deficit in phagocytosis of all bacteria tested compared to WT and Hrh1 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages, except for C. freundii which was not phagocytosed by WT or Hrh1 −/− macrophages. Statistical analysis was performed by one‐way ANOVA of mean for each group. *** p < .001, **** p < .0001; n = 3

Article Snippet: Escherichia coli K‐12 (Carolina Biologicals) was cultured in Luria–Bertani (LB) bacteriological media (Invitrogen), and C. freundii and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) bacteriological media (Becton Dickinson) for 24 hr, aerobically at 37°C while shaking.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Bacteria, Labeling

Journal: MicrobiologyOpen

Article Title: Phagocytosis by macrophages depends on histamine H2 receptor signaling and scavenger receptor 1

doi: 10.1002/mbo3.908

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of autophagy genes Becn1 and Atg12 is increased in Hrh2 −/− macrophages. Expression of autophagy genes was analyzed in bone marrow‐derived macrophages and peritoneal macrophages by qPCR. WT, Hrh1 −/− , and Hrh2 −/− macrophages were left untreated or exposed to Escherichia coli K‐12 at a MOI of 10 for 1 hr before lysis and RNA isolation. Autophagy gene expression was normalized to Gapdh . Statistical analysis was performed by two‐way ANOVA of mean with Bonferroni multiple comparisons. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001; n = 4

Article Snippet: Escherichia coli K‐12 (Carolina Biologicals) was cultured in Luria–Bertani (LB) bacteriological media (Invitrogen), and C. freundii and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) bacteriological media (Becton Dickinson) for 24 hr, aerobically at 37°C while shaking.

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, Lysis, Isolation, Gene Expression

Journal: MicrobiologyOpen

Article Title: Phagocytosis by macrophages depends on histamine H2 receptor signaling and scavenger receptor 1

doi: 10.1002/mbo3.908

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hrh2 −/− bone marrow‐derived macrophages exhibit decreased abundance of Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1. MSR1 was analyzed by flow cytometry in untreated bone marrow‐derived macrophages and those exposed to Escherichia coli for 1 hr. Prior to analysis, macrophages were stained with a viability dye and then stained against the macrophage markers CD11b and F4/80 along with scavenger receptor directed antibodies. (a) Gene expression of Msr1 was quantified in untreated and E. coli ‐treated bone marrow‐derived macrophages by qPCR. Gene expression data were normalized to Gapdh . (b) Median fluorescence intensity was determined in the PE‐Vio770 channel, and MSR1 surface abundance was compared. (c) Representative flow cytometry histograms of PE‐Vio770 intensity in WT, Hrh1 −/− , Hrh2 −/− populations of bone marrow‐derived macrophages demonstrate a leftward peak shift in Hrh2 −/− populations compared to WT and Hrh1 −/− populations. Statistical significance was determined by two‐way ANOVA of mean with Bonferroni multiple comparisons. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001, **** p < .0001; n = 4

Article Snippet: Escherichia coli K‐12 (Carolina Biologicals) was cultured in Luria–Bertani (LB) bacteriological media (Invitrogen), and C. freundii and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) bacteriological media (Becton Dickinson) for 24 hr, aerobically at 37°C while shaking.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Gene Expression, Fluorescence

Journal: Molecular Cell

Article Title: A cooperative PNPase-Hfq-RNA carrier complex facilitates bacterial riboregulation

doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.05.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: The KH-S1 portal is crucial for PNPase-sRNA-Hfq complex formation (A–C) Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) of wild-type PNPase and KH-S1 mutants with 400 nM RyhB (A), 3ʹETS leuZ (B), and CyaR (C) in the absence and presence of 400 nM Hfq hexamer. Ternary complexes are highlighted with a red dot. Two different PNPase concentrations were used for every PNPase construct (1:1 and 1:3 RNA:PNPase trimer molar ratio), represented by a concentration bar. (D and E) RNA half-life experiments to determine RyhB and CyaR sRNA stabilities in an E. coli strain expressing a 3X-FLAG tagged construct of PNPase WT and mutants. RyhB and CyaR signal intensities were quantified using northern blots and normalized to their corresponding loading controls (SsrA). sRNA decay curves were generated by fitting the normalized signal intensities for each time point. Points and error bars in the curves represent the means and the standard errors (SEM) of at least three independent experiments. Northern blots for RyhB and CyaR half-life measurements corresponding to RNA stability curves are shown and values tabulated in . (F and G) Cell extracts prepared from late exponential phase cultures of E. coli strains expressing WT PNPase, or FLAG-tagged PNPase WT and mutants were used to assess coprecipitation of sRNAs, which were analyzed using northern blot. (G) Fold enrichment of a given RNA upon immunoprecipitation was determined by first calculating the signal intensity per microgram of RNA for the input and the elution from the northern blots in (F). The normalized elution signal was then divided by the input signal. An untagged wild-type strain (WT) was used as a control for data presented in (F) and (G). S1x2: PNPase K657A, R658A; KHx2: PNPase K566A, K571A; S1x4: PNPase R681A, Q682A, R684A, R686A.

Article Snippet: All strains used in this study are derivatives of E. coli K12 strain MG1655 (RRID:Addgene_61440) or BL21DE3.

Techniques: Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Construct, Concentration Assay, Expressing, Northern Blot, Generated, Immunoprecipitation, Control

Journal: Molecular Cell

Article Title: A cooperative PNPase-Hfq-RNA carrier complex facilitates bacterial riboregulation

doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.05.032

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: All strains used in this study are derivatives of E. coli K12 strain MG1655 (RRID:Addgene_61440) or BL21DE3.

Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, Software

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: DNA glycosylase NEIL2 prevents Fusobacterium -mediated inflammation and DNA damage in colonic epithelial cells

doi: 10.1101/2020.06.11.147454

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A-D) Human colonic EDMs were infected with Fn at moi 100 for 24 h. The RNA from EDMs was used for qRT-PCR to determine the expression of genes involved in base excision repair, mismatch repair and for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). (A) Schematic showing the experimental design. (B) The level of BER transcripts, NEIL1, NEIL2, NTH1, OGG1, (C) The level of MMR transcripts, MLH1, MLH3, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, (D) The transcript level of NHEJ marker Ku70 were determined by qRT-PCR. (E-F) Human colonic EDMs were infected with commensal E. coli -K12 strain (E), or pathogenic IBD-associated adherent invasive E. coli LF-82 (F) to determine the expression level of NEIL2 following infection. In (B-F), the expression level of the transcripts was normalized to the housekeeping gene (18srRNA), and the normalized expression value was compared with the respective uninfected control cells. Data represent the mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. * indicates p≤0.05, and ** indicates p≤0.01 as calculated by the unpaired two-tailed student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: Escherichia coli K12 strain DH10B , (ATCC-PTA¬5105), was cultured on L.B. agar and L.B. broth and used to infect EDM at moi of 100.

Techniques: Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Non-Homologous End Joining, Marker, Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: DNA glycosylase NEIL2 prevents Fusobacterium -mediated inflammation and DNA damage in colonic epithelial cells

doi: 10.1101/2020.06.11.147454

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) APC Min /+ EDMs derived from the uninvolved region of the colon were infected with different microbes; commensal E. coli K12, IBD-associated adherent-invasive E.coli LF82 and colon cancer-associated pathogens (NC101, H. pylori and Fn ). The supernatants were collected from the uninfected and infected EDMs done in the same experiments and assessed for oxidative DNA damage (right). Data represent the mean ± SEM of three separate experiments. * indicates p≤0.05, ** indicates p≤0.01 as assayed by student’s t-test. (B) The relative level of the oxidized bases produced by each microbe was compared with uninfected cells, which is considered as 1. The relative production of the oxidized base was compared between different microbes

Article Snippet: Escherichia coli K12 strain DH10B , (ATCC-PTA¬5105), was cultured on L.B. agar and L.B. broth and used to infect EDM at moi of 100.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Infection, Produced